Ishbosheth(1011/1010-1009/1008BC)
2Sam 2:10-11 (NKJV) Ishbosheth, Saul's son, was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned two years. Only the house of Judah followed David. And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months.
David (1011/1010-971/970BC)
1Kin 2:11 (NKJV) The period that David reigned over Israel was forty years; seven years he reigned in Hebron, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years.
2Sam 5:4-5 (NKJV) David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years over all Israel and Judah.
David probably began his reign between Tishri 1003BC and Tishri 1002BC and he died between Tishri 971BC and Tishri 970BC. David was then 70 years of age, which places his birth between Tishri 1041 and Tishri 1040BC.
The events recorded in 1Kings1v1 to 1Kings2v12 suggest that Solomon had a short period of coregency with his father David.
Solomon (971/970-931/930BC)
1Kin 11:42 (NKJV) And the period that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years.
2Chr 9:30 (NKJV) Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years.
Solomon began his reign between Tishri 971BC and Tishri 970BC. He died sometime between Tishri 931BC and Abib/Nisan 930BC.
1Kin 6:1 (NKJV) And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel had come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the Lord.
The fourth year when Solomon began to build the Temple was from Tishri 968BC to Tishri 967BC. Abib/Nisan of 967BC marks the beginning of the 480th year since the Exodus. Thus the Exodus took place in Abib/Nisan 1446BC, according to the writer of Kings.1Kin 6:37-38-1Kin 7:1 (NKJV) In the fourth year the foundation of the house of the Lord was laid, in the month of Ziv. And in the eleventh year, in the month of Bul, which is the eighth month, the house was finished in all its details and according to all its plans. So he was seven years in building it. But Solomon took thirteen years to build his own house; so he finished all his house.
The timescale of seven years for building the temple, only works if Solomon numbered his years from Tishri to Tishri.
The Division of the Kingdom (occurred between Tishri 931 and Abib/Nisan 930)
Jeroboam (931/930-910/909B.C)
1Kin 14:20 (NKJV) The period that Jeroboam reigned was twenty-two {nonaccession} years. So he rested with his fathers. Then Nadab his son reigned in his place.
Jeroboam became king between Tishri 931 and Abib/Nisan 930, and died between Tishri 910 and Abib/Nisan 909BC
Rehoboam (931/930-913B.C)
1Kin 14:21 (NKJV) And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he became king. He reigned seventeen {accession} years in Jerusalem, the city which the Lord had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put His name there. His mother's name was Naamah, an Ammonitess.
2Chr 12:13 (NKJV) Thus Rehoboam strengthened himself in Jerusalem and reigned. Now Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he became king; and he reigned seventeen {accession} years in Jerusalem, the city which the Lord had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put His name there. His mother's name was Naamah, an Ammonitess.
Rehoboam became king between Tishri 931 and Abib/Nisan 930BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 913BC at the age of 58.
Shishak Attacks Jerusalem (Tishri 926-Tishri 925BC)
1Kin 14:25 (NKJV) It happened in the fifth {accession} year of King Rehoboam that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem.
2Chr 12:2 (NKJV) And it happened in the fifth {accession} year of King Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the Lord,
Abijah/Abijam (913-911/910BC)
1Kin 15:1 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of King Jeroboam the son of Nebat, Abijam became king over Judah.
2Chr 13:1-2 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of King Jeroboam, Abijah became king over Judah. He reigned three {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Michaiah the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was war between Abijah and Jeroboam.
Abijam became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 913BC and died between Tishri 911 and Abib/Nisan 910BC This is the only synchronism with Israel recorded in the book of the Chronicles of Judah.
Asa(911/910-870/869BC)
1Kin 15:9-10 (NKJV) In the twentieth {accession} year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Asa became king over Judah. And he reigned forty-one {accession} years in Jerusalem. His grandmother's name was Maachah the granddaughter of Abishalom.
2Chr 16:13 (NKJV) So Asa rested with his fathers; he died in the forty-first {accession} year of his reign.
Asa became king between Tishri 911 and Abib/Nisan 910BC and died between Tishri 870 and Abib/Nisan 869BC His age on becoming king is omitted.
2Chr 15:10 (NKJV) So they gathered together at Jerusalem in the third month, in the fifteenth {accession} year of the reign of Asa. (896/895BC)
2Chr 15:19 (NKJV) And there was no war until the thirty-fifth year {from the division of the kingdom} of the reign of Asa. (896/895BC).
2Chr 16:1 (NKJV) In the thirty-sixth year {from the division of the kingdom} of (better rendered "in") the reign of Asa, Baasha king of Israel came up against Judah and built Ramah, that he might let none go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. (895/894BC).
The 35th and 36th years mark the time from the division of the kingdom and not the years of Asa's reign. the 35th year of the kingdom coincides with the 15th year of Asa's reign. Asa's reforms to the land and restoring of the worship of YHWH brought many from the northern kingdom to Jerusalem, 2Chr 15:9 (NKJV) "Then he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and those who dwelt with them from Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon, for they came over to him in great numbers from Israel when they saw that the Lord his God was with him." In response to this Baasha built Ramah on the border with Judah as a garrison town to stop the exodus of his people to the southern kingdom.
2Chr 16:12 (NKJV) And in the thirty-ninth {accession} year of his reign, Asa became diseased in his feet, and his malady was severe; yet in his disease he did not seek the Lord, but the physicians. (872/871BC)
2Chr 16:13 (NKJV) So Asa rested with his fathers; he died in the forty-first {accession} year of his reign. (870/869BC)
Nadab (910/909-909/908BC)
1Kin 15:25 (NKJV) Now Nadab the son of Jeroboam became king over Israel in the second {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two {nonaccession} years.
Nadab became king between Tishri 910 and Abib/Nisan 909BC and died between Tishri 909 and Abib/Nisan 908BC
Baasha (909/908-886/885BC)
1Kin 15:28 (NKJV) Baasha killed him in the third {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his place.
1Kin 15:33 (NKJV) In the third {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, Baasha the son of Ahijah became king over all Israel in Tirzah, and [reigned] twenty-four {nonaccession} years.
Baasha killed Nadab between Tishri 909 and Abib/Nisan 908BC and became king at that time. He died between Tishri 886 and Abib/Nisan 885BC
Elah(886/885-885/884BC)
1Kin 16:8 (NKJV) In the twenty-sixth {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, Elah the son of Baasha became king over Israel, and reigned two {nonaccession} years in Tirzah.
Elah became king between Tishri 886 and Abib/Nisan 885 and died between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884.
Zimri(885/884BC)
1Kin 16:10 (NKJV) And Zimri went in and struck him and killed him in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his place.
1Kin 16:15 (NKJV) In the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri had reigned in Tirzah seven days....
Zimri became king between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884 and died between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884BC
Omri(885/884-874/873BC)
1Kin 16:23 (NKJV) In the thirty-first year of Asa king of Judah, Omri became king over Israel, and reigned twelve {nonaccession} years. Six years {as rival and sole king} he reigned in Tirzah. {and six (nonaccession) years he reigned in Samaria}
Omri reigned for 6 {nonaccession} years in Tirzah as rival to Tibni and six {nonaccession} years as sole ruler over Israel.
1Kin 16:21 (NKJV) Then the people of Israel were divided into two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to make him king, and half followed Omri. but the people who followed Omri prevailed over the people who followed Tibni the son of Ginath. So Tibni died and Omri reigned.
Their divided rule began at the death of Zimri, between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884BC Omri became sole ruler of Israel after the death of Tibni, sometime between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 880. Omri died between Tishri 874 and Abib/Nisan 873 B.C
Ahab (874/873-853BC)
1 Kings 16:29, "In the 38th {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, Ahab the son of Omri became king over Israel, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria 22 {nonaccession} years".
Ahab became king between Tishri 874 and Abib/Nisan 873, and he died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 853BC
Ahab is mentioned in an inscription of Shalmaneser III (image left) as having fought at the Battle of Qarqar (July/August 853BC) The battle was fought in Shalmaneser's sixth year (853). Also the inscription on the Black Obolisk (Now at the British Museum) - see Jehu below) records Shalmaneser III receiving tribute from Jehu. Other Assyrian inscriptions place this event in Shalmaneser's 18th year (841). These 12 years fit exactly into Hebrew chronology and put the battle of Qarqar in Ahab's last year and Jehu's tribute to Shalmaneser in his first year.
Jehoshaphat(coregency, 873-870/869BC; king, 870/869-849/848BC)
1Kin 22:41 (NKJV) Jehoshaphat the son of Asa had become king over Judah in the fourth {accession} year of Ahab king of Israel.
2Chr 20:31 (NKJV) So Jehoshaphat was king over Judah. He was thirty-five {accession}years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.
1 Kings 22:41 (2 Chron. 20:31, which omits the synchronism), "Jehoshaphat the son of Asa became king over Judah in the fourth {accession} year of Ahab king of Israel. Jehoshaphat was 35 years old when he became coregent and he reigned 25 {accession} years as coregent and king in Jerusalem"
Jehoshaphat became coregent in Tishri 873. He became king between Tishri 870 and Abib/Nisan 869BC He died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 848BC Jehoshaphat died either at the age of 56 or 59 dependant upon whether he was 35 years old when be became coregent or when he became king.
2Chr 17:7 (NKJV) Also in the third {accession} year of his {Jehoshaphat's} reign he sent his leaders, Ben-Hail, Obadiah, Zechariah, Nethanel, and Michaiah, to teach in the cities of Judah. (867/866BC)
Ahaziah[of Israel] (853-852BC)
1Kin 22:51 (NKJV) Ahaziah the son of Ahab became king over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth {nonaccession} year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two {nonaccession} years over Israel.
Ahaziah became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 853, and he died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 852BC
Jehoram/Joram[of Israel] (852-841BC)
2Kin 1:17 (NKJV) So Ahaziah died according to the word of the Lord which Elijah had spoken. Because he had no son, Jehoram became king in his place, in the second year {from the coregency} of Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.
2Kin 3:1 (NKJV) Now Jehoram the son of Ahab became king over Israel at Samaria in the eighteenth {nonaccession} year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned twelve {nonaccession} years.
Joram became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 852BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841BC
2Kin 3:4-5 (NKJV) Now Mesha king of Moab was a sheepbreeder, and he regularly paid the king of Israel one hundred thousand lambs and the wool of one hundred thousand rams. 5 But it happened, when Ahab died, that the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel. This event is also witnessed by the Moabite Stone inscription, written by Mesha king of Moab.
Jehoram/Joram[of Judah](848-841BC)
2Kin 8:16-17 (NKJV) Now in the fifth {nonaccession} year of Joram the son of Ahab, king of Israel, Jehoshaphat having been ("having been" is not in the original - Jehoshaphat was still king) king of Judah, Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat began to reign as king of Judah. He was thirty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned eight {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem.
2Chr 21:5 (NKJV) Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned eight {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem.
2Chr 21:20 (NKJV) He was thirty-two years old when he became king. He reigned in Jerusalem eight {nonaccession} years and, to no one's sorrow, departed. However they buried him in the City of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.
At the death of Jehoshaphat, when Jehoram became king (not while he was coregent) Judah begin using Israel's nonaccession-year system.
Jehoram became coregent in Tishri 854BC Jehoram became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 848 and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841. Jehoram of Israel died in the same period.
Ahaziah[of Judah] (841BC)
2Kin 9:29 (NKJV) In the eleventh {nonaccession} year of Joram the son of Ahab, Ahaziah had become king {coregent} over Judah. (842BC)
The two passages below give weight to the suggestion that 2Kings9v29 refers to Ahaziah's one year coregency with Joram/Jehoram his father.
2Chr 21:19 (NKJV) Then it happened in the course of time, after the end of two years, that his intestines came out because of his sickness; so he died in severe pain. And his people made no burning for him, like the burning for his fathers.
2Chr 22:1 (NKJV) Then the inhabitants of Jerusalem made Ahaziah his youngest son king in his place, for the raiders who came with the Arabians into the camp had killed all the older sons. So Ahaziah the son of Jehoram, king of Judah, reigned.
2Kin 8:25-26 (NKJV) In the twelfth {nonaccession} year of Joram the son of Ahab, king of Israel, Ahaziah the son of Jehoram, king of Judah, began to reign. Ahaziah was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned one {nonaccession} year in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Athaliah the granddaughter of Omri, king of Israel.
2Chr 22:2 (NKJV) Ahaziah was forty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned one {nonaccession} year in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Athaliah the granddaughter of Omri.
Youngs Literal Version reads for 2Chr 22:2: "A son of twenty and two years is Ahaziah in his reigning, and one year he hath reigned in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother [is] Athaliah daughter of Omri;" Young has altered the 42 years to 22 years which is in accord with 2Kings8v26 because at the age of 42 Ahaziah would be two years older than his father. Another understanding of this verse is to take the sum of the sole reign of Omri (6 years), the reign of Ahab (22 years), Ahaziah [of Israel] (2 years) and Joram (12 years). This totaled 42 years. In this way the biblical writer would bring a damning indictment upon Ahaziah as part of the dynasty of Omri and not part of David's line.
Jehu (841-814/813BC)
2Kin 10:36 (NKJV) And the period that Jehu reigned over Israel in Samaria was twenty-eight {nonaccession} years.
Jehu began his reign between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841 and died between Tishri 814 and Abib/Nisan 813BC.
The Image to the right is of the "Black Obolisk" and record the Annuls of Shalmanesar III. The image is of Shalmanesar III receiving tribute from Jehu king of Judah. The inscription reads: "Tribute of Jehu, son of Omri. I received from him: silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden beaker, golden goblets, pitchers of gold, lead, staves for the hand of the king, javelins."
Athaliah(841-835BC).
2Kin 11:3 (NKJV) So he {Joash, the son of Ahaziah} was hidden with her in the house of the Lord for six {nonaccession} years, while Athaliah reigned over the land.
2Chr 22:12 (NKJV) And he {Joash, the son of Ahaziah} was hidden with them in the house of God for six {nonaccession} years, while Athaliah reigned over the land.
Queen Athaliah became sole ruler between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 835BC
2Kin 11:4 (NKJV) In the seventh {nonaccession} year Jehoiada sent and brought the captains of hundreds--of the bodyguards and the escorts--and brought them into the house of the Lord to him. And he made a covenant with them and took an oath from them in the house of the Lord, and showed them the king's son.
2Chr 23:1 (NKJV) In the seventh {nonaccession} year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and made a covenant with the captains of hundreds: Azariah the son of Jeroham, Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, Azariah the son of Obed, Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri.
The seventh year could be Jehu's seventh, Athaliah's seventh or most likely Joash's seventh year in hiding. All three synchronisms are correct. (the seventh year was Tishri 836 to Tishri 835).
Jehoash/Joash [of Judah] (835-796BC)
2Kin 11:21-21:1 (NKJV) Jehoash was seven years old when he became king. In the seventh {nonaccession} year of Jehu, Jehoash became king, and he reigned forty {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba.
2Chr 24:1 (NKJV) Joash was seven years old when he became king, and he reigned forty {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba.
Joash was crowned between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 835BC, because only these months were part of the seventh year of Jehu. He died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 796BC
2Kin 12:6 (NKJV) Now it was so, by the twenty-third {nonaccession} year of King Jehoash, that the priests had not repaired the damages of the temple.
2Chr 24:15 (NKJV) But Jehoiada grew old and was full of days, and he died; he was one hundred and thirty years old when he died.
Youngs Literal Version reads, "And Jehoiada is aged and satisfied with days, and dieth--a son of a hundred and thirty years in his death,."
This probably means that Jehoiada died in the 130th year from the division of the kingdom (801/800BC)
Jehoahaz(814/813-798/797BC)
2Kin 13:1 (NKJV) In the twenty-third {nonaccession} year of Joash the son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz the son of Jehu became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned seventeen {nonaccession} years.
Jehoahaz became king between Tishri 814 and Abib/Nisan 813BC and died between Tishri 798 and Abib/Nisan 797BC
Jehoash/Joash[of Israel] (coregent, 799-798/797BC; king, 798/797-782/781 B.C)
2Kin 13:10 (NKJV) In the thirty-seventh {nonaccession} year of Joash king of Judah, Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned sixteen {accession} years.
Jehoash of Israel became coregent in Abib/Nisan 799BC and king between Tishri 798 and Abib/Nisan 797BC and died between Tishri 782BC and Abib/Nisan 781BC
When Jehoash of Israel became king he introduced the accession-year system into the Northern Kingdom, where it remained in use until the capture of Samaria. However, he retained the Nisan-Nisan regnal year.
Amaziah(the second year of Joash began in Abib/Nisan 796BC; Amaziah was king 796-767BC)
2Kin 14:1-2 (NKJV) In the second {accession} year of Joash the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, became king. He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
2Chr 25:1 (NKJV) Amaziah was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
Amaziah became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 796BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 767BC
When Amaziah became king, he reverted to Judah's original method of numbering regnal years with the reintroduction of the accession-year system. He may have been influenced by Jehoash of Israel who had introduced the accession-year system for the first time into the annals of the Northern kings just two years earlier.
2Kin 14:17 (NKJV) Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, lived fifteen years after the death of Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel.
2Chr 25:25 (NKJV) Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, lived fifteen years after the death of Joash the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel.
The death of Joash of Israel was between Tisri 782BC and Abib/Nisan781BC Amaziah died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 767BC
Azariah/Uzziah (coregent, 791-767BC; king, 767-739BC)
2Kin 14:21 (NKJV) And all the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king {coregent} instead of his father Amaziah.
2Chr 26:1 (NKJV) Now all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king {coregent} instead of his father Amaziah.
2Kings14v21 does not follow 2Kings14v20 in chronological order. It is there to explain that Uzziah had been made coregent in Tishri 791BC by the demand of the people during Amaziah's reign.
2Kin 15:1-2 (NKJV) In the twenty-seventh {accession} year of {the coregency of} Jeroboam king of Israel, Azariah the son of Amaziah, king of Judah, became king. He was sixteen years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-two {accession} years {as coregent and king} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jecholiah of Jerusalem.
2Chr 26:3 (NKJV) Uzziah was sixteen years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-two {accession} years {as coregent and king} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jecholiah of Jerusalem.
Uzziah was 68 years old when he died. he was coregent from Tishri 791BC and became king beween Abib/Nisan and Tishri 767BC. He died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 739BC.
Jeroboam II(coregent, 793-781BC; king, 782/781-753BC)
2Kin 14:23 (NKJV) In the fifteenth {accession} year of Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, became king in Samaria, and reigned forty-one {accession} years.
Jeroboam II became coregent in Abib/Nisan 793BC and became king between Tishri 782 and Abib/Nisan 781. He died either in the Elul (sixth month, or August/September) or Tishri (seventh month, or September/October) of 753BC
The image to the right is the impression of a seal that reads:"Belonging to Shema, servant of Jeroboam"
Zechariah (753BC)
2Kin 15:8 (NKJV) In the thirty-eighth {accession} year of {from the coregency} Azariah king of Judah, Zechariah the son of Jeroboam reigned over Israel in Samaria six months.
Zechariah reigned for six months. His reign began in the 38th year from the coregency of Uzziah and ended around Abib/Nisan 752BC either in Uzziah's 38th or 39th year. His reign therefore was from Elul or Tishri 753BC and he died around Abib/Nisan of 752BC (probably just before 1 Nisan 752BC).
Shallum (752BC)
2Kin 15:13 (NKJV) Shallum the son of Jabesh became king in the thirty-ninth {accession} year {from the coregency} of Uzziah king of Judah; and he reigned a full month in Samaria.
Shallum reigned for only one month becoming king in the 39th year of Uzziah. Shallum died towards the end of Nisan/beginning of Iyyar 752BC
Menahem (752-742/741BC)
2Kin 15:17 (NKJV) In the thirty-ninth year {accession} of Azariah king of Judah, Menahem the son of Gadi became king over Israel, and reigned ten {accession} years in Samaria.
Menahem became king in Nisan/Iyyar 752BC and died between Tishri 742BC and Abib/Nisan 741BC.
2Kin 15:19 (NKJV) Pul king of Assyria came against the land; and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him to strengthen the kingdom under his control.
Pekahiah (742/741-740/739BC)
2Kin 15:23 (NKJV) In the fiftieth {accession} year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekahiah the son of Menahem became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned two {accession} years.
Pekahiah became king between Tishri 742 and Abib/Nisan 741 and died between Tishri 740 and Abib/Nisan 739.
Pekah(752-732/731BC).
2Kin 15:27 (NKJV) In the fifty-second {accession} year {from the coregency} of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah the son of Remaliah became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned twenty years.
Pekah reigned as a rival king in Israel to Menaham and Pekahiah 39th year of Uzziah(from Nisan/Iyyar 752BC). At the death of Pekahiah, Pekah became king over all Israel in Samaria. Thus his reign totalled 20 years from the beginning of his rival kingdom with Menahem but he sat on the throne in Samaria from the 52nd year of Uzziah for just 8 years (740/739-732/731BC). He became sole ruler in Israel between Tishri 740 and Abib/Nisan 739. The synchronisms in 2Kings16v1&2 and 2Kings18v1&2 force this senario.
Jotham (coregent, 750-739BC; king, 739-735BC; second period as coregent, Tishri 735-732/731)
2Kin 15:32-33 (NKJV) In the second {accession} year of Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, Jotham the son of Uzziah, king of Judah, began to reign. He was twenty-five years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned sixteen {accession} years {as coregent and king until Ahaz, his son, was made coregent with him} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jerusha the daughter of Zadok.
2Chr 27:1 (NKJV) Jotham was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen {accession} yearss {as coregent and king until Ahaz, his son, was made coregent with him} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jerushah the daughter of Zadok.
Jotham became coregent about Abib/Nisan 750BC due to Uzziah being struck down with leprosy:
2Kin 15:5 (NKJV) "Then the Lord struck the king, so that he was a leper until the day of his death; so he dwelt in an isolated house. And Jotham the king's son was over the royal house, judging the people of the land."
He became king after the death of Uzziah, which occurred between Tishri 740 and Tishri 739BC. He abdicated as king in Tishri 735BC, but stayed on as coregent until Abib/Nisan 731BC because synchronism of Hoshea was made with Jotham's 20th year. Jotham died between Tishri 732 and Tishri 731BC.
Ahaz(coregent, 735-732/731BC; king, 732/731- ca. March 715BC)
2Kin 16:1-2 (NKJV) In the seventeenth {accession} year {of the whole reign} of Pekah the son of Remaliah, Ahaz the son of Jotham, king of Judah, began to reign. Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen {accession} years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord his God, as his father David had done.
2Chr 28:1 (NKJV) Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen {accession} years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord, as his father David had done.
Ahaz became coregent in Tishri 735BC and became king between Tishri 732 and Tishri 731BC He died just before Nisan 715BC.
The image to the right is bulla (seal impression in clay) inscribed in Hebrew: "Ahaz [son of] Jotham, King of Judea." The words "son of" are ommitted because of limited space. On the left of the bulla is a finger print which might even be a fingerprint of the king himself.
2Kin 16:7-8(NKJV) So Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria, saying, "I [am] your servant and your son. Come up and save me from the hand of the king of Syria and from the hand of the king of Israel, who rise up against me. And Ahaz took the silver and gold that was found in the house of the Lord, and in the treasuries of the king's house, and sent [it] [as] a present to the king of Assyria.
Hoshea (732/731BC-723BC)
2Kin 15:30 (NKJV) Then Hoshea the son of Elah led a conspiracy against Pekah the son of Remaliah, and struck and killed him; so he reigned in his place in the twentieth {accession} year of Jotham the son of Uzziah.
2Kin 17:1 (NKJV) In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah, Hoshea the son of Elah became king of Israel in Samaria, and he reigned nine years.
YLT Reads: "In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah reigned hath Hoshea son of Elah in Samaria, over Israel--nine years," 2Kings 17v1 marks the end not the beginning of Hoshea's reign. (Twelfth year = Tishri 724BC-Tishri 723BC; nine years = 732/731-723BC)
Hoshea became king between Tishri 732BC and Abib/Nisan 731BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 723BC.
2Kin 18:9 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the fourth {accession} year {of the coregency} of King Hezekiah, which was the seventh {accession} year of Hoshea the son of Elah, king of Israel, that Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria and besieged it.
2Kin 18:10 (NKJV) And at the end of three {accession} years they took it. In the sixth year {of the coregency} of Hezekiah, that is, the ninth {accession} year of Hoshea king of Israel, Samaria was taken.
This fourth year was Tishri 726BC-Tishri 725BC. Shalmaneser V beseiged Samaria from between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 725BC. The three year seige lasted from 725BC to 723BC
2Kin 17:6 (NKJV) In the ninth {accession} year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away to Assyria, and placed them in Halah and by the Habor, the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. (between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 723BC)
The sixth year is Tishri 724-Tishri 723 but Samaria was captured between Nisan and Tishri 723. Sargon II ascended the throne on 12 Tebeth (late Dec.) 722, which was 15 months after the latest date for the fall of Samaria; so Sargon could not have been on the throne when Samaria was captured, though he may have been the commander of the army that captured Samaria.
Hezekiah (coregent = Tishri 729- Adar 715;BC; king, Adar 715-687/686BC)
2Kin 18:1-2 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the third {accession} year of Hoshea the son of Elah, king of Israel, that Hezekiah the son of Ahaz, king of Judah, began to reign {as coregent}. He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem {as king}. His mother's name was Abi the daughter of Zechariah.
2Chr 29:1 (NKJV) Hezekiah became king when he was twenty-five years old, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Abijah the daughter of Zechariah.
Hezekiah became coregent in Tishri 729BC and became king just before 1st Nisan 715BC. He died between Tishri 687 and Tishri 686BC
2Chr 29:3 (NKJV) In the first year of his reign, in the first month, he opened the doors of the house of the Lord and repaired them. (Tishri 715-Tishri 714BC).
2Kin 18:13 (NKJV) And in the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah, Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and took them. (Tishri 702-Tishri 701BC).
The events of the 14th year of Hezekiah are written on the "Taylor Prism". These record the annuls of Sennacherib: "As for Hezekiah the Judahite, who did not submit to my yoke: forty-six of his strong, walled cities, as well as the small towns in their area, which were without number, by levelling with battering-rams and by bringing up seige-engines, and by attacking and storming on foot, by mines, tunnels, and breeches, I besieged and took them. 200,150 people, great and small, male and female, horses, mules, asses, camels, cattle and sheep without number, I brought away from them and counted as spoil. (Hezekiah) himself, like a caged bird I shut up in Jerusalem, his royal city. I threw up earthworks against him- the one coming out of the city-gate, I turned back to his misery. His cities, which I had despoiled, I cut off from his land, and to Mitinti, king of Ashdod, Padi, king of Ekron, and Silli-bêl, king of Gaza, I gave (them). And thus I diminished his land. I added to the former tribute, and I lad upon him the surrender of their land and imposts-gifts for my majesty. As for Hezekiah, the terrifying splendor of my majesty overcame him, and the Arabs and his mercenary troops which he had brought in to strengthen Jerusalem, his royal city, deserted him. In addition to the thirty talents of gold and eight hundred talents of silver, gems, antimony, jewels, large carnelians, ivory-inlaid couches, ivory-inlaid chairs, elephant hides, elephant tusks, ebony, boxwood, all kinds of valuable treasures, as well as his daughters, his harem, his male and female musicians, which he had brought after me to Nineveh, my royal city. To pay tribute and to accept servitude, he dispatched his messengers."
In this year Hezekiah was granted 15 additional years to his life (2 Kings 20:1-6; Isa. 38:1-6).
Manasseh (coregent, 697-687/686BC; king, 687/686-643/642BC)
2Kin 21:1 (NKJV) Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-five {accession} years {as coregent and king} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Hephzibah.
2Chr 33:1 (NKJV) Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-five {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Manasseh became coregent in Tishri 697BC and became king between Tishri 687 and Tishri 686BC He died between Tishri 643 and Tishri 642BC. The Image above is of the lower portion of a cylindar of Esar-Haddon - King of Assyria from 681 to 668BC. It mentions Manasseh king of Judah.
Amon (643/642-641/640BC)
2Kin 21:19 (NKJV) Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned two {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Meshullemeth the daughter of Haruz of Jotbah.
2Chr 33:21 (NKJV) Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned two {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Amon became king between Tishri 643 and Tishri 642BC and died between Tishri 641 and Tishri 640BC.
Josiah (641/610-609BC)
2Kin 22:1 (NKJV) Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned thirty-one {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jedidah the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath.
2Chr 34:1 (NKJV) Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned thirty-one {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Josiah became king between Tishri 641 and Tishri 640BC and died during Tammuz (25 June-23 July) 609BC
2Chr 34:3 (NKJV) For in the eighth {accession} year of his {Josiah's} reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God of his father David; and in the twelfth {accession} year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, the wooden images, the carved images, and the molded images.
Josiah's 8th year was Tishri 633-Tishri 632BC; and his 12th year was Tishri 629-Tishri 628BC
2Kin 22:3 (NKJV) Now it came to pass, in the eighteenth {accession} year of King Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the scribe, the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, to the house of the Lord, saying:
2Chr 34:8 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of his reign, when he had purged the land and the temple, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the Lord his God.
2Chr 35:19 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of the reign of Josiah this Passover was kept.
Kin 23:23 (NKJV) But in the eighteenth {accession} year of King Josiah this Passover was held before the Lord in Jerusalem.
The 18th year of Josiah ran from Tishri 623 to Tishri 622BC.
Jehoahaz(609BC)
2Kin 23:31 (NKJV) Jehoahaz [was] twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. His mother's name [was] Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
2Chr 36:2 (NKJV) Jehoahaz [was] twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem.
The reign of Jehoahaz began in Tammuz (25 June-23 July) of 609 and ended three months later in Tishri/October. Because Jehoahaz's three months spilled over into the next new year, Jehoiakim had an accession year lasting about 11 months.
Jehoiakim(609-598BC)
2Kin 23:36 (NKJV) Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's
name was Zebudah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.
2Chr 36:5 (NKJV) Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. And he did evil in the sight of the Lord his God.
Jehoiakim became king about October 609 and Jehoiakim died on 9 December 598BC
Jehoiachin (608-598/597BC).
2Chr 36:9 (NKJV) Jehoiachin was eight years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned in Jerusalem {as king} three months and ten days. And he did evil in the sight of the Lord.
2Kin 24:8 (NKJV) Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem three months. His mother's name was Nehushta the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem
Jehoiachin became coregent in Tishri 608BC at the age of 8 and was king at the age of 18 from 21 Marcheswan to 10 Nisan (9 December 598 to 22 April 597BC). Thus Jehoiachin ended his reign on 22 April 597BC. A very precise account of Jehoiachin's reign because evidence from Babylonian records (see Image, right) indicates that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem on 15/16 March, 597BC, recorded on the cuneiform tablet shown (now on display in the British Museum) . Jehoiachin was deported to Babylon on 22 April 597BC marking the end of Jehoiachin's reign of three months and 10 days. Working back from this date gives 9th December 598BC for the death of Jehoiakim, which confirms the prophecy of Jeremiah:
Jere 36:30 (NKJV) `Therefore thus says the Lord concerning Jehoiakim king of Judah: "He shall have no one to sit on the throne of David, and his dead body shall be cast out to the heat of the day and the frost of the night.”
Zedekiah (597-586BC)
2Kin 24:18 (NKJV) Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
2Chr 36:11 (NKJV) Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Jere 52:1 (NKJV) Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
Zedekiah became king about April 597BC and died about August 586BC
2Kin 25:1-3 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the ninth {accession} year of his reign, in the tenth month, on the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army came against Jerusalem and encamped against it; and they built a siege wall against it all around. So the city was besieged until the eleventh {accession} year of King Zedekiah. By the ninth day of the fourth month the famine had become so severe in the city that there was no food for the people of the land.
2Kin 25:8 (NKJV) And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month (which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon), Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Babylon, came to Jerusalem.
Jerusalem fell to Nebuchadnezzar on Saturday 18 July 586BC and its final destruction began on 14 August 586BC
Gedaliah(586BC)
2Kin 25:22 (NKJV) Then he {Nebuchadnezzar} made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, governor over the people who remained in the land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had left. An impression of his seal is shown to the left. It reads:”Belonging to Gedaliah the one over the house”
2Kin 25:25 (NKJV) But it happened in the seventh month that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the royal family, came with ten men and struck and killed Gedaliah, the Jews, as well as the
Chaldeans who were with him at Mizpah.
Gedaliah was slain in the seventh month of 586, which began on 7 October that year.
The image to the right is of a seal of Baalis king of the Ammonites who conspired with Ishmael in the murder of Gedaliah.
Jere40:13-14 (NKJV) Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah and all the captains of the forces that were in the fields came to Gedaliah at Mizpah, and said to him, "Do you certainly know that Baalis the king of the Ammonites has sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to murder you?" But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam did not believe them.
Jehoiachin in Captivity (597-561BC)
2Kin 25:27 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the thirty-seventh year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, that Evil-Merodach king of Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, released Jehoiachin king of Judah from prison.
Jehoiachin was released from prison on 2 April 561BC.
2Sam 2:10-11 (NKJV) Ishbosheth, Saul's son, was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned two years. Only the house of Judah followed David. And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months.
David (1011/1010-971/970BC)
1Kin 2:11 (NKJV) The period that David reigned over Israel was forty years; seven years he reigned in Hebron, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years.
2Sam 5:4-5 (NKJV) David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years over all Israel and Judah.
David probably began his reign between Tishri 1003BC and Tishri 1002BC and he died between Tishri 971BC and Tishri 970BC. David was then 70 years of age, which places his birth between Tishri 1041 and Tishri 1040BC.
The events recorded in 1Kings1v1 to 1Kings2v12 suggest that Solomon had a short period of coregency with his father David.
Solomon (971/970-931/930BC)
1Kin 11:42 (NKJV) And the period that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years.
2Chr 9:30 (NKJV) Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years.
Solomon began his reign between Tishri 971BC and Tishri 970BC. He died sometime between Tishri 931BC and Abib/Nisan 930BC.
1Kin 6:1 (NKJV) And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel had come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the Lord.
The fourth year when Solomon began to build the Temple was from Tishri 968BC to Tishri 967BC. Abib/Nisan of 967BC marks the beginning of the 480th year since the Exodus. Thus the Exodus took place in Abib/Nisan 1446BC, according to the writer of Kings.1Kin 6:37-38-1Kin 7:1 (NKJV) In the fourth year the foundation of the house of the Lord was laid, in the month of Ziv. And in the eleventh year, in the month of Bul, which is the eighth month, the house was finished in all its details and according to all its plans. So he was seven years in building it. But Solomon took thirteen years to build his own house; so he finished all his house.
The timescale of seven years for building the temple, only works if Solomon numbered his years from Tishri to Tishri.
The Division of the Kingdom (occurred between Tishri 931 and Abib/Nisan 930)
Jeroboam (931/930-910/909B.C)
1Kin 14:20 (NKJV) The period that Jeroboam reigned was twenty-two {nonaccession} years. So he rested with his fathers. Then Nadab his son reigned in his place.
Jeroboam became king between Tishri 931 and Abib/Nisan 930, and died between Tishri 910 and Abib/Nisan 909BC
Rehoboam (931/930-913B.C)
1Kin 14:21 (NKJV) And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he became king. He reigned seventeen {accession} years in Jerusalem, the city which the Lord had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put His name there. His mother's name was Naamah, an Ammonitess.
2Chr 12:13 (NKJV) Thus Rehoboam strengthened himself in Jerusalem and reigned. Now Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he became king; and he reigned seventeen {accession} years in Jerusalem, the city which the Lord had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put His name there. His mother's name was Naamah, an Ammonitess.
Rehoboam became king between Tishri 931 and Abib/Nisan 930BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 913BC at the age of 58.
Shishak Attacks Jerusalem (Tishri 926-Tishri 925BC)
1Kin 14:25 (NKJV) It happened in the fifth {accession} year of King Rehoboam that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem.
2Chr 12:2 (NKJV) And it happened in the fifth {accession} year of King Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the Lord,
Abijah/Abijam (913-911/910BC)
1Kin 15:1 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of King Jeroboam the son of Nebat, Abijam became king over Judah.
2Chr 13:1-2 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of King Jeroboam, Abijah became king over Judah. He reigned three {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Michaiah the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was war between Abijah and Jeroboam.
Abijam became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 913BC and died between Tishri 911 and Abib/Nisan 910BC This is the only synchronism with Israel recorded in the book of the Chronicles of Judah.
Asa(911/910-870/869BC)
1Kin 15:9-10 (NKJV) In the twentieth {accession} year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Asa became king over Judah. And he reigned forty-one {accession} years in Jerusalem. His grandmother's name was Maachah the granddaughter of Abishalom.
2Chr 16:13 (NKJV) So Asa rested with his fathers; he died in the forty-first {accession} year of his reign.
Asa became king between Tishri 911 and Abib/Nisan 910BC and died between Tishri 870 and Abib/Nisan 869BC His age on becoming king is omitted.
2Chr 15:10 (NKJV) So they gathered together at Jerusalem in the third month, in the fifteenth {accession} year of the reign of Asa. (896/895BC)
2Chr 15:19 (NKJV) And there was no war until the thirty-fifth year {from the division of the kingdom} of the reign of Asa. (896/895BC).
2Chr 16:1 (NKJV) In the thirty-sixth year {from the division of the kingdom} of (better rendered "in") the reign of Asa, Baasha king of Israel came up against Judah and built Ramah, that he might let none go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. (895/894BC).
The 35th and 36th years mark the time from the division of the kingdom and not the years of Asa's reign. the 35th year of the kingdom coincides with the 15th year of Asa's reign. Asa's reforms to the land and restoring of the worship of YHWH brought many from the northern kingdom to Jerusalem, 2Chr 15:9 (NKJV) "Then he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and those who dwelt with them from Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon, for they came over to him in great numbers from Israel when they saw that the Lord his God was with him." In response to this Baasha built Ramah on the border with Judah as a garrison town to stop the exodus of his people to the southern kingdom.
2Chr 16:12 (NKJV) And in the thirty-ninth {accession} year of his reign, Asa became diseased in his feet, and his malady was severe; yet in his disease he did not seek the Lord, but the physicians. (872/871BC)
2Chr 16:13 (NKJV) So Asa rested with his fathers; he died in the forty-first {accession} year of his reign. (870/869BC)
Nadab (910/909-909/908BC)
1Kin 15:25 (NKJV) Now Nadab the son of Jeroboam became king over Israel in the second {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two {nonaccession} years.
Nadab became king between Tishri 910 and Abib/Nisan 909BC and died between Tishri 909 and Abib/Nisan 908BC
Baasha (909/908-886/885BC)
1Kin 15:28 (NKJV) Baasha killed him in the third {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his place.
1Kin 15:33 (NKJV) In the third {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, Baasha the son of Ahijah became king over all Israel in Tirzah, and [reigned] twenty-four {nonaccession} years.
Baasha killed Nadab between Tishri 909 and Abib/Nisan 908BC and became king at that time. He died between Tishri 886 and Abib/Nisan 885BC
Elah(886/885-885/884BC)
1Kin 16:8 (NKJV) In the twenty-sixth {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, Elah the son of Baasha became king over Israel, and reigned two {nonaccession} years in Tirzah.
Elah became king between Tishri 886 and Abib/Nisan 885 and died between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884.
Zimri(885/884BC)
1Kin 16:10 (NKJV) And Zimri went in and struck him and killed him in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his place.
1Kin 16:15 (NKJV) In the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri had reigned in Tirzah seven days....
Zimri became king between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884 and died between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884BC
Omri(885/884-874/873BC)
1Kin 16:23 (NKJV) In the thirty-first year of Asa king of Judah, Omri became king over Israel, and reigned twelve {nonaccession} years. Six years {as rival and sole king} he reigned in Tirzah. {and six (nonaccession) years he reigned in Samaria}
Omri reigned for 6 {nonaccession} years in Tirzah as rival to Tibni and six {nonaccession} years as sole ruler over Israel.
1Kin 16:21 (NKJV) Then the people of Israel were divided into two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to make him king, and half followed Omri. but the people who followed Omri prevailed over the people who followed Tibni the son of Ginath. So Tibni died and Omri reigned.
Their divided rule began at the death of Zimri, between Tishri 885 and Abib/Nisan 884BC Omri became sole ruler of Israel after the death of Tibni, sometime between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 880. Omri died between Tishri 874 and Abib/Nisan 873 B.C
Ahab (874/873-853BC)
1 Kings 16:29, "In the 38th {nonaccession} year of Asa king of Judah, Ahab the son of Omri became king over Israel, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria 22 {nonaccession} years".
Ahab became king between Tishri 874 and Abib/Nisan 873, and he died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 853BC
Ahab is mentioned in an inscription of Shalmaneser III (image left) as having fought at the Battle of Qarqar (July/August 853BC) The battle was fought in Shalmaneser's sixth year (853). Also the inscription on the Black Obolisk (Now at the British Museum) - see Jehu below) records Shalmaneser III receiving tribute from Jehu. Other Assyrian inscriptions place this event in Shalmaneser's 18th year (841). These 12 years fit exactly into Hebrew chronology and put the battle of Qarqar in Ahab's last year and Jehu's tribute to Shalmaneser in his first year.
Jehoshaphat(coregency, 873-870/869BC; king, 870/869-849/848BC)
1Kin 22:41 (NKJV) Jehoshaphat the son of Asa had become king over Judah in the fourth {accession} year of Ahab king of Israel.
2Chr 20:31 (NKJV) So Jehoshaphat was king over Judah. He was thirty-five {accession}years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.
1 Kings 22:41 (2 Chron. 20:31, which omits the synchronism), "Jehoshaphat the son of Asa became king over Judah in the fourth {accession} year of Ahab king of Israel. Jehoshaphat was 35 years old when he became coregent and he reigned 25 {accession} years as coregent and king in Jerusalem"
Jehoshaphat became coregent in Tishri 873. He became king between Tishri 870 and Abib/Nisan 869BC He died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 848BC Jehoshaphat died either at the age of 56 or 59 dependant upon whether he was 35 years old when be became coregent or when he became king.
2Chr 17:7 (NKJV) Also in the third {accession} year of his {Jehoshaphat's} reign he sent his leaders, Ben-Hail, Obadiah, Zechariah, Nethanel, and Michaiah, to teach in the cities of Judah. (867/866BC)
Ahaziah[of Israel] (853-852BC)
1Kin 22:51 (NKJV) Ahaziah the son of Ahab became king over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth {nonaccession} year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two {nonaccession} years over Israel.
Ahaziah became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 853, and he died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 852BC
Jehoram/Joram[of Israel] (852-841BC)
2Kin 1:17 (NKJV) So Ahaziah died according to the word of the Lord which Elijah had spoken. Because he had no son, Jehoram became king in his place, in the second year {from the coregency} of Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.
2Kin 3:1 (NKJV) Now Jehoram the son of Ahab became king over Israel at Samaria in the eighteenth {nonaccession} year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned twelve {nonaccession} years.
Joram became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 852BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841BC
2Kin 3:4-5 (NKJV) Now Mesha king of Moab was a sheepbreeder, and he regularly paid the king of Israel one hundred thousand lambs and the wool of one hundred thousand rams. 5 But it happened, when Ahab died, that the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel. This event is also witnessed by the Moabite Stone inscription, written by Mesha king of Moab.
Jehoram/Joram[of Judah](848-841BC)
2Kin 8:16-17 (NKJV) Now in the fifth {nonaccession} year of Joram the son of Ahab, king of Israel, Jehoshaphat having been ("having been" is not in the original - Jehoshaphat was still king) king of Judah, Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat began to reign as king of Judah. He was thirty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned eight {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem.
2Chr 21:5 (NKJV) Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned eight {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem.
2Chr 21:20 (NKJV) He was thirty-two years old when he became king. He reigned in Jerusalem eight {nonaccession} years and, to no one's sorrow, departed. However they buried him in the City of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.
At the death of Jehoshaphat, when Jehoram became king (not while he was coregent) Judah begin using Israel's nonaccession-year system.
Jehoram became coregent in Tishri 854BC Jehoram became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 848 and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841. Jehoram of Israel died in the same period.
Ahaziah[of Judah] (841BC)
2Kin 9:29 (NKJV) In the eleventh {nonaccession} year of Joram the son of Ahab, Ahaziah had become king {coregent} over Judah. (842BC)
The two passages below give weight to the suggestion that 2Kings9v29 refers to Ahaziah's one year coregency with Joram/Jehoram his father.
2Chr 21:19 (NKJV) Then it happened in the course of time, after the end of two years, that his intestines came out because of his sickness; so he died in severe pain. And his people made no burning for him, like the burning for his fathers.
2Chr 22:1 (NKJV) Then the inhabitants of Jerusalem made Ahaziah his youngest son king in his place, for the raiders who came with the Arabians into the camp had killed all the older sons. So Ahaziah the son of Jehoram, king of Judah, reigned.
2Kin 8:25-26 (NKJV) In the twelfth {nonaccession} year of Joram the son of Ahab, king of Israel, Ahaziah the son of Jehoram, king of Judah, began to reign. Ahaziah was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned one {nonaccession} year in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Athaliah the granddaughter of Omri, king of Israel.
2Chr 22:2 (NKJV) Ahaziah was forty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned one {nonaccession} year in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Athaliah the granddaughter of Omri.
Youngs Literal Version reads for 2Chr 22:2: "A son of twenty and two years is Ahaziah in his reigning, and one year he hath reigned in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother [is] Athaliah daughter of Omri;" Young has altered the 42 years to 22 years which is in accord with 2Kings8v26 because at the age of 42 Ahaziah would be two years older than his father. Another understanding of this verse is to take the sum of the sole reign of Omri (6 years), the reign of Ahab (22 years), Ahaziah [of Israel] (2 years) and Joram (12 years). This totaled 42 years. In this way the biblical writer would bring a damning indictment upon Ahaziah as part of the dynasty of Omri and not part of David's line.
Jehu (841-814/813BC)
2Kin 10:36 (NKJV) And the period that Jehu reigned over Israel in Samaria was twenty-eight {nonaccession} years.
Jehu began his reign between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841 and died between Tishri 814 and Abib/Nisan 813BC.
The Image to the right is of the "Black Obolisk" and record the Annuls of Shalmanesar III. The image is of Shalmanesar III receiving tribute from Jehu king of Judah. The inscription reads: "Tribute of Jehu, son of Omri. I received from him: silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden beaker, golden goblets, pitchers of gold, lead, staves for the hand of the king, javelins."
Athaliah(841-835BC).
2Kin 11:3 (NKJV) So he {Joash, the son of Ahaziah} was hidden with her in the house of the Lord for six {nonaccession} years, while Athaliah reigned over the land.
2Chr 22:12 (NKJV) And he {Joash, the son of Ahaziah} was hidden with them in the house of God for six {nonaccession} years, while Athaliah reigned over the land.
Queen Athaliah became sole ruler between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 841BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 835BC
2Kin 11:4 (NKJV) In the seventh {nonaccession} year Jehoiada sent and brought the captains of hundreds--of the bodyguards and the escorts--and brought them into the house of the Lord to him. And he made a covenant with them and took an oath from them in the house of the Lord, and showed them the king's son.
2Chr 23:1 (NKJV) In the seventh {nonaccession} year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and made a covenant with the captains of hundreds: Azariah the son of Jeroham, Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, Azariah the son of Obed, Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri.
The seventh year could be Jehu's seventh, Athaliah's seventh or most likely Joash's seventh year in hiding. All three synchronisms are correct. (the seventh year was Tishri 836 to Tishri 835).
Jehoash/Joash [of Judah] (835-796BC)
2Kin 11:21-21:1 (NKJV) Jehoash was seven years old when he became king. In the seventh {nonaccession} year of Jehu, Jehoash became king, and he reigned forty {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba.
2Chr 24:1 (NKJV) Joash was seven years old when he became king, and he reigned forty {nonaccession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Zibiah of Beersheba.
Joash was crowned between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 835BC, because only these months were part of the seventh year of Jehu. He died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 796BC
2Kin 12:6 (NKJV) Now it was so, by the twenty-third {nonaccession} year of King Jehoash, that the priests had not repaired the damages of the temple.
2Chr 24:15 (NKJV) But Jehoiada grew old and was full of days, and he died; he was one hundred and thirty years old when he died.
Youngs Literal Version reads, "And Jehoiada is aged and satisfied with days, and dieth--a son of a hundred and thirty years in his death,."
This probably means that Jehoiada died in the 130th year from the division of the kingdom (801/800BC)
Jehoahaz(814/813-798/797BC)
2Kin 13:1 (NKJV) In the twenty-third {nonaccession} year of Joash the son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz the son of Jehu became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned seventeen {nonaccession} years.
Jehoahaz became king between Tishri 814 and Abib/Nisan 813BC and died between Tishri 798 and Abib/Nisan 797BC
Jehoash/Joash[of Israel] (coregent, 799-798/797BC; king, 798/797-782/781 B.C)
2Kin 13:10 (NKJV) In the thirty-seventh {nonaccession} year of Joash king of Judah, Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned sixteen {accession} years.
Jehoash of Israel became coregent in Abib/Nisan 799BC and king between Tishri 798 and Abib/Nisan 797BC and died between Tishri 782BC and Abib/Nisan 781BC
When Jehoash of Israel became king he introduced the accession-year system into the Northern Kingdom, where it remained in use until the capture of Samaria. However, he retained the Nisan-Nisan regnal year.
Amaziah(the second year of Joash began in Abib/Nisan 796BC; Amaziah was king 796-767BC)
2Kin 14:1-2 (NKJV) In the second {accession} year of Joash the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, became king. He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
2Chr 25:1 (NKJV) Amaziah was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
Amaziah became king between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 796BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 767BC
When Amaziah became king, he reverted to Judah's original method of numbering regnal years with the reintroduction of the accession-year system. He may have been influenced by Jehoash of Israel who had introduced the accession-year system for the first time into the annals of the Northern kings just two years earlier.
2Kin 14:17 (NKJV) Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, lived fifteen years after the death of Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel.
2Chr 25:25 (NKJV) Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, lived fifteen years after the death of Joash the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel.
The death of Joash of Israel was between Tisri 782BC and Abib/Nisan781BC Amaziah died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 767BC
Azariah/Uzziah (coregent, 791-767BC; king, 767-739BC)
2Kin 14:21 (NKJV) And all the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king {coregent} instead of his father Amaziah.
2Chr 26:1 (NKJV) Now all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king {coregent} instead of his father Amaziah.
2Kings14v21 does not follow 2Kings14v20 in chronological order. It is there to explain that Uzziah had been made coregent in Tishri 791BC by the demand of the people during Amaziah's reign.
2Kin 15:1-2 (NKJV) In the twenty-seventh {accession} year of {the coregency of} Jeroboam king of Israel, Azariah the son of Amaziah, king of Judah, became king. He was sixteen years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-two {accession} years {as coregent and king} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jecholiah of Jerusalem.
2Chr 26:3 (NKJV) Uzziah was sixteen years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-two {accession} years {as coregent and king} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jecholiah of Jerusalem.
Uzziah was 68 years old when he died. he was coregent from Tishri 791BC and became king beween Abib/Nisan and Tishri 767BC. He died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 739BC.
Jeroboam II(coregent, 793-781BC; king, 782/781-753BC)
2Kin 14:23 (NKJV) In the fifteenth {accession} year of Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, became king in Samaria, and reigned forty-one {accession} years.
Jeroboam II became coregent in Abib/Nisan 793BC and became king between Tishri 782 and Abib/Nisan 781. He died either in the Elul (sixth month, or August/September) or Tishri (seventh month, or September/October) of 753BC
The image to the right is the impression of a seal that reads:"Belonging to Shema, servant of Jeroboam"
Zechariah (753BC)
2Kin 15:8 (NKJV) In the thirty-eighth {accession} year of {from the coregency} Azariah king of Judah, Zechariah the son of Jeroboam reigned over Israel in Samaria six months.
Zechariah reigned for six months. His reign began in the 38th year from the coregency of Uzziah and ended around Abib/Nisan 752BC either in Uzziah's 38th or 39th year. His reign therefore was from Elul or Tishri 753BC and he died around Abib/Nisan of 752BC (probably just before 1 Nisan 752BC).
Shallum (752BC)
2Kin 15:13 (NKJV) Shallum the son of Jabesh became king in the thirty-ninth {accession} year {from the coregency} of Uzziah king of Judah; and he reigned a full month in Samaria.
Shallum reigned for only one month becoming king in the 39th year of Uzziah. Shallum died towards the end of Nisan/beginning of Iyyar 752BC
Menahem (752-742/741BC)
2Kin 15:17 (NKJV) In the thirty-ninth year {accession} of Azariah king of Judah, Menahem the son of Gadi became king over Israel, and reigned ten {accession} years in Samaria.
Menahem became king in Nisan/Iyyar 752BC and died between Tishri 742BC and Abib/Nisan 741BC.
2Kin 15:19 (NKJV) Pul king of Assyria came against the land; and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him to strengthen the kingdom under his control.
Pekahiah (742/741-740/739BC)
2Kin 15:23 (NKJV) In the fiftieth {accession} year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekahiah the son of Menahem became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned two {accession} years.
Pekahiah became king between Tishri 742 and Abib/Nisan 741 and died between Tishri 740 and Abib/Nisan 739.
Pekah(752-732/731BC).
2Kin 15:27 (NKJV) In the fifty-second {accession} year {from the coregency} of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah the son of Remaliah became king over Israel in Samaria, and reigned twenty years.
Pekah reigned as a rival king in Israel to Menaham and Pekahiah 39th year of Uzziah(from Nisan/Iyyar 752BC). At the death of Pekahiah, Pekah became king over all Israel in Samaria. Thus his reign totalled 20 years from the beginning of his rival kingdom with Menahem but he sat on the throne in Samaria from the 52nd year of Uzziah for just 8 years (740/739-732/731BC). He became sole ruler in Israel between Tishri 740 and Abib/Nisan 739. The synchronisms in 2Kings16v1&2 and 2Kings18v1&2 force this senario.
Jotham (coregent, 750-739BC; king, 739-735BC; second period as coregent, Tishri 735-732/731)
2Kin 15:32-33 (NKJV) In the second {accession} year of Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, Jotham the son of Uzziah, king of Judah, began to reign. He was twenty-five years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned sixteen {accession} years {as coregent and king until Ahaz, his son, was made coregent with him} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jerusha the daughter of Zadok.
2Chr 27:1 (NKJV) Jotham was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen {accession} yearss {as coregent and king until Ahaz, his son, was made coregent with him} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jerushah the daughter of Zadok.
Jotham became coregent about Abib/Nisan 750BC due to Uzziah being struck down with leprosy:
2Kin 15:5 (NKJV) "Then the Lord struck the king, so that he was a leper until the day of his death; so he dwelt in an isolated house. And Jotham the king's son was over the royal house, judging the people of the land."
He became king after the death of Uzziah, which occurred between Tishri 740 and Tishri 739BC. He abdicated as king in Tishri 735BC, but stayed on as coregent until Abib/Nisan 731BC because synchronism of Hoshea was made with Jotham's 20th year. Jotham died between Tishri 732 and Tishri 731BC.
Ahaz(coregent, 735-732/731BC; king, 732/731- ca. March 715BC)
2Kin 16:1-2 (NKJV) In the seventeenth {accession} year {of the whole reign} of Pekah the son of Remaliah, Ahaz the son of Jotham, king of Judah, began to reign. Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen {accession} years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord his God, as his father David had done.
2Chr 28:1 (NKJV) Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen {accession} years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the sight of the Lord, as his father David had done.
Ahaz became coregent in Tishri 735BC and became king between Tishri 732 and Tishri 731BC He died just before Nisan 715BC.
The image to the right is bulla (seal impression in clay) inscribed in Hebrew: "Ahaz [son of] Jotham, King of Judea." The words "son of" are ommitted because of limited space. On the left of the bulla is a finger print which might even be a fingerprint of the king himself.
2Kin 16:7-8(NKJV) So Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria, saying, "I [am] your servant and your son. Come up and save me from the hand of the king of Syria and from the hand of the king of Israel, who rise up against me. And Ahaz took the silver and gold that was found in the house of the Lord, and in the treasuries of the king's house, and sent [it] [as] a present to the king of Assyria.
Hoshea (732/731BC-723BC)
2Kin 15:30 (NKJV) Then Hoshea the son of Elah led a conspiracy against Pekah the son of Remaliah, and struck and killed him; so he reigned in his place in the twentieth {accession} year of Jotham the son of Uzziah.
2Kin 17:1 (NKJV) In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah, Hoshea the son of Elah became king of Israel in Samaria, and he reigned nine years.
YLT Reads: "In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah reigned hath Hoshea son of Elah in Samaria, over Israel--nine years," 2Kings 17v1 marks the end not the beginning of Hoshea's reign. (Twelfth year = Tishri 724BC-Tishri 723BC; nine years = 732/731-723BC)
Hoshea became king between Tishri 732BC and Abib/Nisan 731BC and died between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 723BC.
2Kin 18:9 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the fourth {accession} year {of the coregency} of King Hezekiah, which was the seventh {accession} year of Hoshea the son of Elah, king of Israel, that Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria and besieged it.
2Kin 18:10 (NKJV) And at the end of three {accession} years they took it. In the sixth year {of the coregency} of Hezekiah, that is, the ninth {accession} year of Hoshea king of Israel, Samaria was taken.
This fourth year was Tishri 726BC-Tishri 725BC. Shalmaneser V beseiged Samaria from between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 725BC. The three year seige lasted from 725BC to 723BC
2Kin 17:6 (NKJV) In the ninth {accession} year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria took Samaria and carried Israel away to Assyria, and placed them in Halah and by the Habor, the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. (between Abib/Nisan and Tishri 723BC)
The sixth year is Tishri 724-Tishri 723 but Samaria was captured between Nisan and Tishri 723. Sargon II ascended the throne on 12 Tebeth (late Dec.) 722, which was 15 months after the latest date for the fall of Samaria; so Sargon could not have been on the throne when Samaria was captured, though he may have been the commander of the army that captured Samaria.
Hezekiah (coregent = Tishri 729- Adar 715;BC; king, Adar 715-687/686BC)
2Kin 18:1-2 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the third {accession} year of Hoshea the son of Elah, king of Israel, that Hezekiah the son of Ahaz, king of Judah, began to reign {as coregent}. He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem {as king}. His mother's name was Abi the daughter of Zechariah.
2Chr 29:1 (NKJV) Hezekiah became king when he was twenty-five years old, and he reigned twenty-nine {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Abijah the daughter of Zechariah.
Hezekiah became coregent in Tishri 729BC and became king just before 1st Nisan 715BC. He died between Tishri 687 and Tishri 686BC
2Chr 29:3 (NKJV) In the first year of his reign, in the first month, he opened the doors of the house of the Lord and repaired them. (Tishri 715-Tishri 714BC).
2Kin 18:13 (NKJV) And in the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah, Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and took them. (Tishri 702-Tishri 701BC).
The events of the 14th year of Hezekiah are written on the "Taylor Prism". These record the annuls of Sennacherib: "As for Hezekiah the Judahite, who did not submit to my yoke: forty-six of his strong, walled cities, as well as the small towns in their area, which were without number, by levelling with battering-rams and by bringing up seige-engines, and by attacking and storming on foot, by mines, tunnels, and breeches, I besieged and took them. 200,150 people, great and small, male and female, horses, mules, asses, camels, cattle and sheep without number, I brought away from them and counted as spoil. (Hezekiah) himself, like a caged bird I shut up in Jerusalem, his royal city. I threw up earthworks against him- the one coming out of the city-gate, I turned back to his misery. His cities, which I had despoiled, I cut off from his land, and to Mitinti, king of Ashdod, Padi, king of Ekron, and Silli-bêl, king of Gaza, I gave (them). And thus I diminished his land. I added to the former tribute, and I lad upon him the surrender of their land and imposts-gifts for my majesty. As for Hezekiah, the terrifying splendor of my majesty overcame him, and the Arabs and his mercenary troops which he had brought in to strengthen Jerusalem, his royal city, deserted him. In addition to the thirty talents of gold and eight hundred talents of silver, gems, antimony, jewels, large carnelians, ivory-inlaid couches, ivory-inlaid chairs, elephant hides, elephant tusks, ebony, boxwood, all kinds of valuable treasures, as well as his daughters, his harem, his male and female musicians, which he had brought after me to Nineveh, my royal city. To pay tribute and to accept servitude, he dispatched his messengers."
In this year Hezekiah was granted 15 additional years to his life (2 Kings 20:1-6; Isa. 38:1-6).
Manasseh (coregent, 697-687/686BC; king, 687/686-643/642BC)
2Kin 21:1 (NKJV) Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-five {accession} years {as coregent and king} in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Hephzibah.
2Chr 33:1 (NKJV) Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned fifty-five {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Manasseh became coregent in Tishri 697BC and became king between Tishri 687 and Tishri 686BC He died between Tishri 643 and Tishri 642BC. The Image above is of the lower portion of a cylindar of Esar-Haddon - King of Assyria from 681 to 668BC. It mentions Manasseh king of Judah.
Amon (643/642-641/640BC)
2Kin 21:19 (NKJV) Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned two {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Meshullemeth the daughter of Haruz of Jotbah.
2Chr 33:21 (NKJV) Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned two {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Amon became king between Tishri 643 and Tishri 642BC and died between Tishri 641 and Tishri 640BC.
Josiah (641/610-609BC)
2Kin 22:1 (NKJV) Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned thirty-one {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jedidah the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath.
2Chr 34:1 (NKJV) Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned thirty-one {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Josiah became king between Tishri 641 and Tishri 640BC and died during Tammuz (25 June-23 July) 609BC
2Chr 34:3 (NKJV) For in the eighth {accession} year of his {Josiah's} reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God of his father David; and in the twelfth {accession} year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, the wooden images, the carved images, and the molded images.
Josiah's 8th year was Tishri 633-Tishri 632BC; and his 12th year was Tishri 629-Tishri 628BC
2Kin 22:3 (NKJV) Now it came to pass, in the eighteenth {accession} year of King Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the scribe, the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, to the house of the Lord, saying:
2Chr 34:8 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of his reign, when he had purged the land and the temple, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the Lord his God.
2Chr 35:19 (NKJV) In the eighteenth {accession} year of the reign of Josiah this Passover was kept.
Kin 23:23 (NKJV) But in the eighteenth {accession} year of King Josiah this Passover was held before the Lord in Jerusalem.
The 18th year of Josiah ran from Tishri 623 to Tishri 622BC.
Jehoahaz(609BC)
2Kin 23:31 (NKJV) Jehoahaz [was] twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. His mother's name [was] Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
2Chr 36:2 (NKJV) Jehoahaz [was] twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem.
The reign of Jehoahaz began in Tammuz (25 June-23 July) of 609 and ended three months later in Tishri/October. Because Jehoahaz's three months spilled over into the next new year, Jehoiakim had an accession year lasting about 11 months.
Jehoiakim(609-598BC)
2Kin 23:36 (NKJV) Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's
name was Zebudah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah. 2Chr 36:5 (NKJV) Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. And he did evil in the sight of the Lord his God.
Jehoiakim became king about October 609 and Jehoiakim died on 9 December 598BC
Jehoiachin (608-598/597BC).
2Chr 36:9 (NKJV) Jehoiachin was eight years old when he became king {coregent}, and he reigned in Jerusalem {as king} three months and ten days. And he did evil in the sight of the Lord.
2Kin 24:8 (NKJV) Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem three months. His mother's name was Nehushta the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem
Jehoiachin became coregent in Tishri 608BC at the age of 8 and was king at the age of 18 from 21 Marcheswan to 10 Nisan (9 December 598 to 22 April 597BC). Thus Jehoiachin ended his reign on 22 April 597BC. A very precise account of Jehoiachin's reign because evidence from Babylonian records (see Image, right) indicates that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem on 15/16 March, 597BC, recorded on the cuneiform tablet shown (now on display in the British Museum) . Jehoiachin was deported to Babylon on 22 April 597BC marking the end of Jehoiachin's reign of three months and 10 days. Working back from this date gives 9th December 598BC for the death of Jehoiakim, which confirms the prophecy of Jeremiah:
Jere 36:30 (NKJV) `Therefore thus says the Lord concerning Jehoiakim king of Judah: "He shall have no one to sit on the throne of David, and his dead body shall be cast out to the heat of the day and the frost of the night.”
Zedekiah (597-586BC)
2Kin 24:18 (NKJV) Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
2Chr 36:11 (NKJV) Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem.
Jere 52:1 (NKJV) Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when he became king, and he reigned eleven {accession} years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.
Zedekiah became king about April 597BC and died about August 586BC
2Kin 25:1-3 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the ninth {accession} year of his reign, in the tenth month, on the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army came against Jerusalem and encamped against it; and they built a siege wall against it all around. So the city was besieged until the eleventh {accession} year of King Zedekiah. By the ninth day of the fourth month the famine had become so severe in the city that there was no food for the people of the land.
2Kin 25:8 (NKJV) And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month (which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon), Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Babylon, came to Jerusalem.
Jerusalem fell to Nebuchadnezzar on Saturday 18 July 586BC and its final destruction began on 14 August 586BC
Gedaliah(586BC)
2Kin 25:22 (NKJV) Then he {Nebuchadnezzar} made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, governor over the people who remained in the land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had left. An impression of his seal is shown to the left. It reads:”Belonging to Gedaliah the one over the house”
2Kin 25:25 (NKJV) But it happened in the seventh month that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the royal family, came with ten men and struck and killed Gedaliah, the Jews, as well as the
Chaldeans who were with him at Mizpah.Gedaliah was slain in the seventh month of 586, which began on 7 October that year.
The image to the right is of a seal of Baalis king of the Ammonites who conspired with Ishmael in the murder of Gedaliah.
Jere40:13-14 (NKJV) Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah and all the captains of the forces that were in the fields came to Gedaliah at Mizpah, and said to him, "Do you certainly know that Baalis the king of the Ammonites has sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to murder you?" But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam did not believe them.
Jehoiachin in Captivity (597-561BC)
2Kin 25:27 (NKJV) Now it came to pass in the thirty-seventh year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, that Evil-Merodach king of Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, released Jehoiachin king of Judah from prison.
Jehoiachin was released from prison on 2 April 561BC.
A Chronology of the Kings of Judah and Israel
The Text below complements the chart displayed here and outlines the texts used to build the chronology of the kings of Israel and Judah.